Load Frequency Control Based on Gray Wolf Optimizer Algorithm for Modern Power Systems

The increasing complexity of modern power systems (MPSs), driven by the integration of renewable energy sources and multi-area configurations, demands robust and adaptive load frequency control (LFC) strategies. This paper proposes a novel approach to the LFC of the MPS by integrating a proportional–integral–derivative (PID) controller optimized using the gray wolf optimizer (GWO) algorithm. The effectiveness of the GWO-PID method is evaluated on multi-area power systems, including systems integrated with wind energy. The GWO-PID controller shows superior frequency stability, achieving deviations of 49.67 Hz, 49.68 Hz, 49.87 Hz, 49.87 Hz and 49.88 Hz for area 1 and area 2 of the two-area multisource MPS, as well as for area 1, area 2 and area 3 in the three-area multisource MPS. The results demonstrate significant improvements in frequency stabilization, reduced oscillations and enhanced steady-state accuracy compared to traditional optimization techniques. This study emphasizes the scalability and adaptability of the proposed method to changing load conditions and complexity of the MPSs, providing a potential solution to ensure stability and reliability for the MPSs.