Economic Evaluation of Self-Management for Patients with Persistent Depressive Disorder and their Caregivers.

This economic evaluation failed to find significant differences in costs between PPEP4All-PDD and CAU over a study period of one year. Non-significant differences were in favor of CAU, leading to a low probability of PPEP4All-PDD being cost- effective. Providing biweekly sessions and extending the follow-up period may be necessary in future studies. Patients with PDD may require more time to learn and integrate self-management practices into their daily life prior to effecting changes in personal quality of life and (mental) healthcare utilization. Digital interventions, such as digital PPEP4All-PDD, with or without the partner/caregiver may be a cost-effective option.