Sustainable optimization strategies for on-demand transportation systems: Enhancing efficiency and reducing energy use

The surge in popularity of on-demand transportation services, fueled by advancements in technology and changing urban mobility patterns, has significantly reshaped urban transportation dynamics. This transformation presents challenges to traditional public transportation, raising questions about sustainability and energy efficiency. This research addresses these challenges through an explorative literature review, focusing on operational efficiency, energy transition, and policy implications. By synthesizing and analyzing existing literature, the study uncovers insights into on-demand transportation, identifies challenges and opportunities, and proposes avenues for further research. The study also develops operational and theoretical frameworks to support policy formulation and implementation in urban transportation planning, offering guidance for policymakers and urban planners. Ultimately, this research aims to contribute to developing evidence-based policies and practices that foster sustainable urban transportation networks.