Techniques for DNA extraction in forensic science: from traditional to modern approaches

DNA can be extracted from various sources, including biological fluids or stains (blood, saliva, semen), oral swabs, hair, human remains (bones, teeth, tissues), and occasionally from trace evidence left by contact. The extraction of DNA from forensic samples is a critical step, as it directly impacts the quantity and quality of DNA obtained. These factors are essential because they influence the accuracy and reliability of subsequent analyses and the success in generating clear and interpretable genetic profiles. This manuscript provides a comprehensive overview of the methods employed in forensic laboratories for DNA extraction. It covers the evolution of techniques from traditional, manual methods to the most advanced modern approaches. Additionally, it examines the rise of automated extraction systems, which have increased efficiency and standardization in forensic analysis. Each method’s advantages, limitations, and suitability for different sample types are considered, highlighting how advancements in technology have enhanced the precision and reliability of forensic investigations.