Applied aspects of using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy spectra for monitoring electrode damage and electrolyte depletion in primary zinc-manganese batteries

The article presents experimental and computational data on monitoring electrode surface condition and electrolyte depletion in primary Zn-Mn batteries using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy with backscattered electrons. These methods reveal the impact of different current load levels on changes in electrode surfaces and their chemical composition. Through comparative analysis of data from standard tests and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy spectra using mathematical tools for alternating current analysis, the feasibility of accurately assessing the operational state of primary batteries is demonstrated. The results obtained can be applied to studies of irreversible changes in chemical power sources and to the development of the theory of porous electrodes.