Assessment of the association between chronic diseases and anxiety and depression among adults in Cape Coast metropolis, Ghana

A chronic disease diagnosis produces significant changes to an individual’s lifestyle and behavior. Coping with these changing circumstances requires a process of psychological adjustment that can be difficult to attain for many. Consequently, severe psychological conditions, including, but not limited to, depression and anxiety, have been linked to chronic conditions. This study aims to examine the association between chronic conditions and emotional distress in Cape Coast, Ghana. Data were collected, using convenience sampling approaches, from a sample of 375 adults living in the Cape Coast metropolis of Ghana. To assess the relationship between chronic diseases and depression and anxiety, a multivariable logistic regression was run. The role of self‑efficacy in this relationship was assessed by interacting the self‑efficacy and chronic disease variables. The majority had no chronic conditions, were very confident or completely confident about their ability to take care of their health. Individuals living with chronic conditions were more likely to experience depression and anxiety. Self‑efficacy attenuated this positive relationship between chronic conditions and depression and anxiety. The finding of protective effect of self‑efficacy in reducing emotional distress among individuals with chronic conditions calls for increased self‑management interventions to increase patient empowerment and improve the ability of individuals living with chronic conditions to self‑manage their conditions.