Spatial distribution and determinants of children ever born among reproductive age women in Ethiopia: spatial and multilevel analysis of 2019 mini Ethiopian demographic health survey

Both individual and community-level factors were significantly linked to a high number of children born. The government is advised to prioritize interventions that promote women's education, delay first births, and provide access to a range of contraceptive options, ensuring informed, voluntary choices. Empowering women to exercise reproductive autonomy, free from coercion, is key to influencing fertility outcomes effectively.