Intricacies of the enigmatic gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori in the context of One Health Approach

Background: Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is a global health concern, causing chronic inflammation that can lead to gastritis, peptic ulcer, and gastric adenocarcinoma. While H. pylori primarily colonizes the human stomach, evidence suggests potential zoonotic transmission and its presence in various animal species. This highlights the need for a One Health approach to understand its epidemiology and control. Objective: This study aims to explore the role of animals as reservoirs for H. pylori, examine interspecies transmission dynamics, and assess the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health in the context of H. pylori infection. Additionally, it evaluates the implications of antimicrobial resistance and proposes strategies for surveillance and management. Method: A comprehensive review of recent studies was conducted, focusing on zoonotic pathways, environmental factors influencing H. pylori transmission, and the emergence of antimicrobial resistance. The study integrates findings from human medicine, veterinary science, and environmental health under the One Health framework. Result: Humans remain the primary reservoir for H. pylori, but evidence of zoonotic transmission underscores the importance of animals as potential secondary hosts. Environmental factors, including contaminated water and poor sanitation, contribute to transmission. The misuse of antibiotics in human medicine and agriculture accelerates antimicrobial resistance, complicating treatment strategies. Conclusion: Understanding H. pylori within the One Health framework is essential to address its multifaceted transmission dynamics and control challenges. Collaborative efforts across human, veterinary, and environmental health sectors are vital for effective surveillance, prevention, and antimicrobial stewardship. Integrating these strategies can promote the health and welfare of individuals and ecosystems globally.