Translation Challenges of Cultural Realia in English Literary Texts: Semantic and Pragmatic Aspects

The translation of cultural realia in literary texts presents a unique challenge, as these terms carry deep cultural, historical, and linguistic significance that may not have direct equivalents in the target language. This study examines various strategies for translating realia, including retention, adaptation, explicitation, and hybrid approaches, assessing their effectiveness in preserving both semantic accuracy and cultural authenticity. Through an analysis of realia in English literary texts, the study highlights the importance of balancing foreignization and domestication based on the target audience and genre. The findings suggest that while retention with explanation is often the most effective method for literary works, adaptation may be necessary in more accessible texts. The study concludes with recommendations for translators and highlights future research opportunities in digital and audiovisual translation contexts.