Seismic Retrofitting: Techniques and Innovations for Structural Resilience

Abstract Seismic retrofitting is essential for improving the resilience of existing structures, particularly in earthquake-prone areas. This review explores recent advancements in retrofitting techniques, including fiber-reinforced polymer composites, concrete jacketing, steel bracing systems, and innovative materials such as shape memory alloys. The study highlights the effectiveness, sustainability, and energy efficiency of these techniques, emphasizing their role in enhancing structural strength and minimizing seismic damage. Machine learning and advanced modelling approach-es are also discussed for optimizing retrofitting strategies. The purpose of this re-view is to provide a comprehensive analysis of current methodologies, innovations, and materials used in seismic retrofitting, offering insights into the protection of both modern and heritage structures.