EuVeM2022—a European three-dimensional GNSS velocity model based on least-squares collocation

SUMMARY Geodetic velocity models, derived from Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) velocity solutions, interpolate between sparse GNSS measurements to provide a more comprehensive view of horizontal and vertical intraplate deformation. These models contribute to improved assessment of seismic and volcanic hazards, assist in validating geodynamic models, and enable the integration of diverse data sets for comprehensive Earth science studies. Most interpolation techniques are not adequate to model the velocity distribution, especially for the horizontal velocities where the correlation between the components has to be included. Here, we apply a recent extension of the least-squares collocation interpolation technique to the velocity field solution of the EUREF (Reference Frame Sub-Commission for Europe) Permanent GNSS Network Densification (EPND) project (EPND_D2150). The effect of known plate boundaries is accounted for during the interpolation to avoid smoothing across European microplates, thereby preserving the high velocity gradients at plate boundaries. The velocity model EuVeM2022 covers Europe and Anatolia, and has a resolution of 0.1$^{\circ }$. The model can be applied, amongst other things, to correct models used for ground motion services, support tectonic studies, or identify local deformation along coasts for use in sea level research.