Numerical investigation of the blood flow in the non-planar curved channel

Curved pipe flows are of significant interest due to their relevance in biological systems like the human body. The alteration in velocity and wall shear stress in curved pipes, compared to straight pipes, has been linked to conditions like atherosclerosis. Dean's pioneering work on flow in curved pipes used perturbation methods to study steady, fully developed flow in pipes with circular cross-sections, revealing secondary flow and increased pressure drop. His approximation, known as the “Dean approximation”, focused on centrifugal force effects while ignoring other curvature-related factors. The article investigates the impact of blood vessel curvature on flow patterns using two models with different boundary conditions: one with a Hagen-Poiseuille profile and the other with a uniform velocity profile, simulated using a second-order implicit transient approach.