Role of seaweed extract and vermicompost application on the morphology, yield, phytochemical, and elemental composition of cauliflower plants

In recent years, the extensive use of agrochemicals for crop production and protection has adversely affected crop productivity, soil health, and the environment. Organic amendments have emerged as promising alternatives to enhance both soil and plant health. This greenhouse study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of seaweed extract and vermicompost, individually and in combination, on the morphology, yield, phytochemicals, and elemental composition of cauliflower plants. Seaweed extract (2 kg/ha) was applied 21 days after transplanting, while vermicompost was incorporated into the soil around the root zone at rates of 7.5 and 15 tons/ha before planting. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Compared with the other treatments, F5 (seaweed extract combined with vermicompost at a rate of 15 tons/ha) significantly improved plant morphology; yield components; and nitrogen, phosphorus, and calcium contents. F1 (seaweed extract alone) yielded the highest antioxidant activity (TAA) (3.18 μg/g FW) and iron content (280.6 ppm), whereas F2 (7.5 tons/ha vermicompost) resulted in the highest total phenolic content (TPC) (35.49 μg GAE/g FW) and potassium (2.79%) levels. According to the results, the control had the lowest values in this study. These outcomes highlight the potential of using organic amendments and biostimulants to increase crop traits, improve the nutritional quality of plants, and promote sustainable agricultural practices. Consequently, the combination of seaweed extract and vermicompost may serve as an effective strategy for improving the growth and quality of cauliflower, contributing to environmentally friendly and economically viable production systems.