Gastroesophageal reflux and oral health implications: an in-depth narrative review

Gastroesophageal reflux disease can lead to severe conditions like esophageal cancer and Barrett's esophagus and significantly impacts oral health. This review explores the relationship between gastroesophageal reflux and oral health issues, particularly gingivitis, and discusses management strategies. The pathophysiology of gastroesophageal reflux involves malfunctioning the esophageal sphincter, allowing stomach acid to damage the mucosa. Factors like diet, obesity, and lifestyle choices increase the risk of gastroesophageal reflux, which causes tooth erosion and leads to xerostomia, oral mucosal changes, halitosis, dysgeusia, and gingivitis. Gingivitis in patients with gastroesophageal reflux is worsened by GA irritation, reduced salivary flow, and increased systemic inflammation. Diagnosis requires clinical examination and may involve gastroenterologists. Management includes lifestyle changes, medical interventions like proton pump inhibitors, and dental treatments such as fluoride applications, sealants, and restorations. Future research should focus on longitudinal studies to establish causality between gastroesophageal reflux and oral diseases and explore new therapeutic approaches. Interdisciplinary collaboration and innovative treatment strategies are essential for holistic patient care and improved oral health outcomes in patients with gastroesophageal reflux.