Impacts of Dietary Patterns on Cardiovascular Disease

Cardiovascular disease (CVD), one of the world's leading causes of mortality, has diet as a significant modifiable risk factor. Studies show that following healthy eating guidelines including the Mediterranean Diet (MD), Healthy Eating Index (HEI-2015), Healthy Plant-based Diet Index (HPDI), and Alternative Healthy Eating Index (AHEI) significantly lowers the risk of CVD. These benefits are brought about by some mechanisms such as better lipid profiles, reduced inflammation, improved glucose metabolism, and gut microbiota modification. Thus, there is currently study in a number of areas, including cross-cultural applicability, long-term survivability, and several customized intervention strategies. In order to improve the human CVD prevention, this review can address some effects and mechanisms of healthy eating on CVD and also highlight the need for more research on precision nutrition, cross-cultural adaptation, and technology-based individualized dietary treatments.