The impact of modern lifestyles on cognitive development in growing individuals

Aim. This study explores the relationship between modern lifestyle factors, particularly oral breathing, and its impact on neurocognitive development in children and adolescents. The study seeks to understand how lifestyle modifications, including screen time management, physical activity, and proper respiratory health, can improve pediatric populations' cognitive and emotional well-being. Materials and Methods. A narrative review approach was employed to synthesize current evidence on the influence of modern lifestyles on oral breathing and its implications for neurocognitive development. Clinical studies and primary research articles published between 2004 and 2024 were systematically reviewed. Keywords used in three databases in the search included "oral breathing," "neurocognitive disorders," "digital technology," "sedentary behavior," "posture," and "pediatric cognitive development." Inclusion criteria included studies involving human subjects focusing on oral breathing, neurocognitive disorders, lifestyle, and sedentary behavior. Exclusion criteria excluded studies conducted on animals, in vitro experiments, reviews, case reports, commentaries, and letters. Conclusions. The findings suggest that oral breathing is significantly linked to various neurodevelopmental challenges, including ADHD and ASD, exacerbated by poor oxygen exchange and disrupted sleep patterns. The increasing prevalence of sedentary behavior and screen time contributes to dysfunctional breathing patterns, highlighting the need for targeted interventions. These include promoting nasal breathing, encouraging physical activity, and improving postural habits to support holistic development. The study also identifies gaps in existing research and emphasizes the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration for effective management and prevention. Technological advancements and sedentary lifestyles have introduced new challenges to childhood development, notably oral breathing, which impacts neurocognitive outcomes. By addressing these challenges through comprehensive interventions, including lifestyle adjustments and early detection of dysfunctional breathing patterns, children can achieve better cognitive and emotional health, ultimately fostering healthier development in an increasingly digital world.