Advancements in AI applications for orthodontic diagnosis, treatment planning, and monitoring

Aim: This paper explores the transformative role of artificial intelligence (AI) and deep learning (DL) in orthodontics, focusing on diagnostic precision, treatment planning, and monitoring, as well as its impact on cephalometry, aligner design, and airway assessment. Materials and Methods: A systematic review of English-language studies published from January 2013 to December 2023 was conducted across four major databases—PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. The studies were selected based on their relevance to AI's role in orthodontic diagnosis, treatment planning, and monitoring. Inclusion criteria focused on human subjects, AI integration in orthodontics, and comparisons between AI-based and manual approaches, while excluding non-original studies, animal research, and articles not in English. Results: AI, particularly through DL, has demonstrated a significant enhancement in orthodontic practices. AI-driven tools now automate complex tasks such as cephalometric tracing, 3D skeletal analysis, and airway volume assessment, achieving accuracy rates comparable to manual methods. AI also plays a critical role in transparent aligner design and orthodontic treatment monitoring, ensuring more personalized and efficient care. However, the integration of AI remains supportive rather than replacing clinical expertise. Conclusions: AI and DL are revolutionizing orthodontics by improving diagnostic accuracy, treatment planning, and patient monitoring. Despite its capabilities, AI is not a replacement for human expertise, and its effectiveness is maximized when paired with clinician judgment. Continued advancements in AI will likely yield even greater precision and patient satisfaction in orthodontic care.