Vaginal bleeding during pregnancy: a retrospective cohort study assessing maternal and perinatal outcomes

Vaginal bleeding during pregnancy was not found to be significantly associated with maternal age, parity, abortion history, or total pregnancies. Nonetheless, the findings suggest a significant relationship between bleeding episodes and a history of infertility or progesterone treatment during pregnancy. Additionally, pre-pregnancy comorbidities, including diabetes, hypertension, and hypothyroidism were not associated with pregnancy bleeding. However, the latter was associated with increased risk of post-delivery bleeding, premature labor, and neonatal complications, such as respiratory distress and NICU admissions.