Balancing legume-cereal proportions in cover crop mixtures to minimize N2O emissions

• Mesocosm experiment evaluating various rye-vetch cover crop proportions. • Majority of N 2 O emissions occurred after cover crops incorporation. • Roots contributed more to N 2 O emissions (57 %) than shoots (31 %). • The 33 % vetch − 66 % rye mixture best balanced agronomic and environmental benefits. • N 2 O fluxes and soil mineral N negatively correlated with root traits and biomass. Legume-cereal cover crop mixtures offer a promising approach to reduce nitrate leaching and enhancing soil fertility. However, the impacts of these mixtures on N 2 O emissions during both the cover cropping and post-incorporation phases, as well as the relative contribution of roots and shoots to N 2 O emission, remain uncertain. To address these knowledge gaps, we conducted a two-phase greenhouse experiment. In the first phase, cover crops were grown encompassing six treatments: control (no cover crop), pure vetch ( Vicia villosa Roth), pure rye ( Secale cereale L.), and mixtures with 33 %, 50 % and 66 % of the pure rye sowing rate paired with 66 %, 50 % and 33 % of the pure vetch sowing rate, respectively. In the second phase, focusing on the post-incorporation effects, the same treatments were arranged in mesocosms with both roots and shoots, and in mesocosms with roots only. During the first phase, the proportion of fine/very fine roots and root length density were negatively correlated with mineral N content and N 2 O emissions. Mixing rye with vetch increased total dry biomass and N yield for all mixtures compared to rye alone. In mixtures, the proportion of fine roots, root length density, and the root C:N ratio decreased compared to rye. Most of the N 2 O emissions occurred after cover crop incorporation, with roots contributing more (average 57 %) than shoots (average 31 %). Total N 2 O emissions increased with increasing proportion of vetch, but the mixture with 33 % vetch and 66 % rye maintained N 2 O emissions as low as rye monoculture. Our study indicates that adjusting the seed proportion in legume-cereal mixtures serves as an effective tool to balance the benefits of pure legume (increased total biomass, and C and N yields) and pure cereal (decreased N 2 O emissions and soil mineral N pool) cover cropping.