Description of symbiont-bearing large benthic foraminifera at Lihaga beach of Likupang waters, northeast Sulawesi Island, Indonesia

Foraminifera have been used as significant and important bioindicators to assess the health of coral reef ecosystems. In using these organisms as bioindicators, it is important to recognise their morphological aspects. This study provides an overview of symbiont-bearing large benthic foraminifera marine organisms found on the coast of Lihaga Island, Likupang Waters, northeastern Sulawesi Island, Indonesia. The purpose of this study was to analyse and document the presence of five genera of foraminifera: Amphistegina d'Orbigny, 1826; Amphisorus Ehrenberg, 1839; Calcarina d'Orbigny, 1826; Heterostegina d'Orbigny, 1826; and Peneroplis Montfort, 1808. By collecting and analysing these genera, this study provides insight into the biodiversity of the marine environment of Liaga Island. These findings could improve understanding of the role of these symbiont-bearing foraminifera in maintaining the health and resilience of coral reef systems in the region. The data collected could also serve as a baseline for future environmental monitoring and research initiatives.