Advancing Groundwater Remediation: Efficacy of Slow-release Permanganate Gels (SRPG) in Treating Contaminant Plumes

Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficiency of the slow-release permanganate gels (SRPG) as a technique for the remediation of contaminant plumes in aquifers to afford an improved degree of groundwater quality and reduced environmental risks. Study Design: Experimental and modeling studies were reviewed to assess the oxidation capacity, release kinetics, and field applicability of SRPG for the remediation of groundwater. The review included literature from 2019 to 2024, focusing on the latest techniques and challenges in the field. Methodology: A systematic search was conducted in several databases, including Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Inclusion criteria ensured that the selected articles were limited to those that were peer-reviewed discussing mechanisms, hydrogeologic applications, and contaminant mitigation involving SRPG. Experimental setup, numerical models, and field data were considered in order to assess performance and scalability for various usage of SRPG. Results: The review identified 5 effective studies on SRPG in reducing contaminant concentrations in groundwater. Key factors for remediation success were increased oxidation capacity, longer release kinetics, and improved spatial distribution. One notable finding was a 75% reduction in trichloroethylene concentrations within six months of SRPG application in a pilot-scale study. Field applications reported significant contaminant reduction in heterogeneous aquifer systems, supporting the scalability of SRPG technology. Conclusions: SRPG is a promising low-cost and sustainable method for groundwater remediation, particularly in complex aquifer systems. This study points to the need for future studies with regard to optimization of the gel formulations concerning long-term environmental impacts and the ability to biodegrade in environmental conditions toward globally sustainable water resources management.