Advanced active disturbance rejection control for enhancing frequency stability in low-inertia power grids linked with virtual inertia applications

Frequency instability in microgrids (MGs) resulted from the use of Inverter-based generators which lack natural inertia. To overcome this difficulty, this study presents a progressed virtual inertia controller (VIC) that is integrated with a battery energy storage system and has both damping and virtual inertia control loops. With the mounting penetration of renewable energy, an innovative approach that influences Progressive VIC in conjunction with controlled plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) is obtainable. PEVs' battery storage capacity is used to supply extra frequency regulation services, serving as dispersed energy storage resources to lessen grid frequency variations. The proposed approach employs an Active Disturbance Rejection Controller (ADRC) and uses the Electric Eel Foraging Optimization (EEFO) technique for optimal parameter determination. A frequency control model for microgrids using this progressive VIC was evaluated under numerous operating circumstances and disturbances to reflect variable load and renewable energy generation. The outcomes validate that the ADRC outperforms traditional controllers such as PID, FO-PID, TID, and fuzzy PID in maintaining frequency stability. Also, enhanced VIC and PEVs improve the MG's stability compared to other methods considered. This innovative approach offers a viable remedy for upcoming microgrid designs by improving microgrid frequency stability and lowering the risk of frequency instability.