Disparities in low-carbon concrete GWP at the metropolitan level in the United States

The specification of Global Warming Potential (GWP) targets for low-carbon concrete is essential to guide decarbonization efforts for the built environment. Yet specifying GWP targets by multi-state regions reduces the granularity needed to define GWP targets locally. To probe this paradigm, we analyze 39,536 Environmental Product Declarations (EPDs) and show that 85.3% are manufactured near a highly populated U.S. metropolitan. Our results demonstrate that low-carbon concrete specification targets can only be met in metropolitan areas with sufficient GWP data, such as New York City and Los Angeles, which account for 41% of EPDs and, hence, skew regional GWPs – preventing equitable and attainable low-carbon concrete specifications. The use of supplementary cementitious materials remains a pathway to reduce GWP. Additionally, local differences in transportation and manufacturing reveal new avenues to achieve low-carbon targets. These findings evince the need for concrete GWP specifications at the metropolitan level to meet national decarbonization goals.