Deterministic Ratchet Transport of Impurities in Fluids

This paper investigates unbiased directed transport, known as the ratchet effect, within a system coupled to a fluid modeled by the bailout embedding technique. The system dynamics under the fluid influence are described by a four-dimensional mapping governed by parameters such as dissipation ([Formula: see text]), ratchet kicking (K), and the relationship between fluid and particle densities ([Formula: see text]). We explore the behavior of the Ratchet Current (RC) in the parameter spaces [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], particularly focusing on the aerosol case ([Formula: see text]). Our findings reveal a complex interplay of parameters, with larger RCs observed for parameter pairs that induce periodic dynamics in the ratchet system. Furthermore, we observe RC reversal as a function of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], and identify coexisting attractors (multistability) at higher [Formula: see text] values. These results shed light on the intriguing phenomenon of directed transport in fluid dynamics, offering insights that may contribute to understanding particle transport in nature, especially in the aerosol regime.