Detailed Review of Melatonin and its Role in Managing the Symptoms of Depression

Depression, which is emerging as one of the most widely prevalent neuropsychiatric disorders worldwide, has affected people across all age groups. However, it is currently primarily affecting adults aged 18 to 25. The condition is characterized by disrupted sleep cycles, diurnal variation, and disturbed core body temperature rhythms. Currently, the anti-depressant medications that are prescribed and authorized, such as tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), benzodiazepines, anxiolytics, and antihistamines have demonstrated effective outcomes. However, the findings from the STAR*D (Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression) study are disappointing. The results show that currently available antidepressants yield only minimal improvements in effectiveness for patients who did not respond to their initial medication. Melatonin has emerged as a promising option for tackling these issues. Moreover, due to its diverse abilities to regulate circadian rhythms and promote synchronization, melatonin offers an alternative therapeutic approach to alleviate the side effects and target the underlying causes of depression linked to an impaired circadian system. This review intends to provide a comprehensive overview of melatonin, including aspects such as its structural analysis, biosynthesis, regulation, catabolism, and involvement in various physiological processes, particularly highlighting its antidepressant activity.