Microbially synthesized nanomaterials: Advances and applications in biomedicine

The interaction between microorganisms and nanomaterials shows broad potential in nanobiomedicine. Microbially synthesized nanomaterials are environmentally friendly and sustainable, possessing unique physical, chemical, and biological properties. They have been applied in areas such as inflammatory bowel disease treatment, cancer therapy, infection control, biosensing, and the development of microrobots. This review highlights recent advances in the use of microbially synthesized nanomaterials for targeted drug delivery, tumor immune activation, antibacterial therapy, and biohybrid microrobot design. Researchers have also explored their mechanisms in treating tumors and inflammation. Despite their promising performance, challenges remain in terms of biocompatibility, targeting efficiency, and clinical translation. Future interdisciplinary collaboration and technological optimization are expected to further promote the integration of microorganisms and nanomaterials in precision medicine, advancing the field of disease prevention and treatment. • Focusing on the interaction between nanomaterials and microorganisms. • Summary the microbial synthesis of nanomaterials to biomedical applications. • Emphasize sustainable microbial synthesis for IBD, drug delivery, and cancer therapy.