Estimation of backgrounds from jets misidentified as $$\tau $$-leptons using the Universal Fake Factor method with the ATLAS detector

Abstract Processes with $$\tau $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>τ</mml:mi> </mml:math> -leptons in the final state are important for Standard Model measurements and searches for physics beyond the Standard Model. The ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider observes $$\tau $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>τ</mml:mi> </mml:math> -leptons produced in proton–proton collisions only through their decay products. Data analyses involving hadronically decaying $$\tau $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>τ</mml:mi> </mml:math> -leptons face challenges due to backgrounds from jets misidentified as $$\tau $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>τ</mml:mi> </mml:math> -leptons that are not modelled reliably by Monte Carlo simulations. Data-driven methods such as the fake-factor method allow such misidentified backgrounds to be predicted by measuring transfer factors, known as fake factors, in data from dedicated regions. This paper describes a refined technique for determining the fake factors, the Universal Fake Factor method. It evaluates the fake factors for a signal region by using fake factors from samples enriched in different sources of jets misidentified as $$\tau $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>τ</mml:mi> </mml:math> -leptons (light-quark, gluon, b -quark, and pile-up jets). Each fake factor is calculated as a linear combination of fake factors measured in these different enriched samples. For the full Run 2 data set, the systematic uncertainty of the calculated fake factors, evaluated using $$W(\mu \nu )$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>W</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>μ</mml:mi> <mml:mi>ν</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> enriched event sample, ranges from 15 to 35% depending on the $$\tau $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>τ</mml:mi> </mml:math> -lepton’s transverse momentum and charged-particle decay multiplicity.

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The European Physical Journal C
Published
2025-12-19
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-025-14916-1
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Particle physics theoretical and experimental studies
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article
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article

Estimation of backgrounds from jets misidentified as $$\tau $$-leptons using the Universal Fake Factor method with the ATLAS detector

Y. Cao, E. N. Umaka, M. Baselga, G. Aielli et al.
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The European Physical Journal C
Particle physics theoretical and experimental studies
article

Estimation of backgrounds from jets misidentified as $$\tau $$-leptons using the Universal Fake Factor method with the ATLAS detector

Y. Cao, E. N. Umaka, M. Baselga, G. Aielli, A. D. Auriol, Anke Ackermann, G. Carlino, Ali Can Canbay, P. Bauer, G. Bruni, M. J. Green, Marten Zefanja Barel, A. N. Karyukhin, M. Aleksa, M. Akbiyik, Gianmario Cesarini, A. Ambler, L. M. Baltes, Zaza Chubinidze, M. Bindi, H. M. J. Ali, M. Bruschi, B. Abbott, A. Cerri, D. Duda, M. Bauce, Maria Teresa Camerlingo, C. Alexa, F. Bartels, J. H. Foo, K. Becker, T. Buanes, D. Orestano, C. Sandoval, S. Alderweireldt, M. Düren, H. D. Pandya, Yusuf Can Cekmecelioglu, M. Begel, A. Carnelli, N. Berger, Russell Bate, R. Turra, I. M. Trigger, G. Brianti, Leon Bozianu, R. L. Hayes, J. J. Chwastowski, A. Held, G. A. Bird, H. Chen, J. Albert, L. Barak, J. Kirk, C. Luci, R. Madar, M. Citterio, D. Duvnjak, M. Verducci, A. S. Cerqueira, C. Escobar, C. Agheorghiesei, V. A. Bednyakov, E. M. Baldin, P. van Gemmeren, D. S. Bhattacharya, Cameron Clarry, J. M. Hays, S. Camarda, H. C. Cheng, M. Dunford, V. Chiarella, A. J. Beddall, P. Bechtle, T. J. Khoo, J. L. 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Ladygin, T. Kupfer, L. Truong, G. Lehmann Miotto, C. Kawamoto, M. Mali, B. Maček, V. Nikolaenko, L. Tompkins, F. Monticelli, B. Laforge, P. Johansson, L. Pontecorvo, Gregory James Ottino, Pietro Albicocco, Z. O. Earnshaw, Yunyun Fan, Lorenzo Bellagamba, S. Lammers, N. Vranješ, B. Wendland, M. Wielers, Michael Johannes Dueren, Joshua Falco Beirer, D. South, F. Veloso, M. Spousta, M. Smizanska, C. Wanotayaroj, T. Vickey, T. Zakareishvili, C. Schmitt, J. Tanaka, Jan Stark, Tomoyuki Saito, Samuel Byrne Klein, Zhuoran Feng, Jack Gargan, Zuchen Huang, M. Sławińska, Michael Patrick Cardiff, D. Tsybychev, Matthew Kenneth Maroun, M. Togawa, Aaron van der Graaf, Reda Tafirout, D. J. Mclaughlin, Pedro Takisa Mafa, R. Qian, A. Gorišek, K. Vorobev, Marco Bomben, D. Costanzo, S. Yu. Smirnov, A. Verbytskyi, O. E. Vickey Boeriu, Gian Luigi Alberghi, Somadutta Bhatta, S. Fuenzalida Garrido, Maximilian Emanuel Goblirsch-Kolb, Viktor Bobrovnikov, P. U. E. Onyisi, G. A. Chelkov, S. Timoshenko, A. M. Sickles, G. Sciolla, P. Urrejola, L. P. Caloba, D. Francis, D. Francis, A. Seiden, T. Flick, D. Fassouliotis, Simon Connell, A. Guida, A. Milov, Jean-Pierre Meyer, O. Abdinov, C. Amelung, C. Young, Wolfgang Wagner, Y. Tayalati, C. Clément, Y. A. Kurochkin, G. Bernardi, Igor Boyko, Vadim Kostyukhin, Kristof Schmieden, Tae Min Hong, Ahmet Bingul, P. J. Clark, K. Choi, William Keaton Balunas, N. Asbah, V. Izzo, Q. Shen, D. Su, I. Mandić, P. Bussey, S. Roe, G. Gilles, Colette Kaya, P. Sherwood, K. Kordas, Sergey Chekulaev, L. Y. Shan, S. Stonjek, B. Li, F. Siegert, J. Parsons, Changqiao Li, Giorgio Chiarelli, J. J. Teoh, W. Buttinger, N. Wermes, J. Boudreau, K. Einsweiler, Kingman Cheung, T. Vickey, L. D. Corpe, V. Boisvert, M. Iodice, Mattias Birman, E. Cheu, D. Kim, G. Gagliardi, P. Liu, A. De Maria, M. Schott, E. N. Gazis, T. Strebler, G. Giugliarelli, Sarah Louise Williams, G. Polesello, W. Y. Song, C. Santoni, Siegfried Bethke, T. Yamazaki, A. J. Lankford, H. Simpson, M. Sykora, W. Yao, C. Vittori, N. M. J. Nunes De Moura, Jackson Carl Burzynski, R. Hertenberger, T. Berry, S. De Castro, Johannes Balz, Toni Baroncelli, Tao Wang, J. Levêque, J. P. Mc Gowan, Stylianos Angelidakis, Leonardo Vannoli, R. J. Atkin, Volker Buescher, Xin Chen, X. Wang, Savannah Clawson, C. Dimitriadi, Roman Mueller, A. Soloshenko, T. Trefzger, Diptaparna Biswas, K. Assamagan, K. Todome, G. Palacino, Boping Chen, Didier Lacour, L. Duflot, Junichi Tanaka, Leonardo Carminati, David Ström, P. Stríženec, Christopher Robyn Hayes, D. Sperlich, G. Carlino, Mason Ray Housenga, S. Díez Cornell, Evan Michael Carlson, Hao Xu, B. Liu, Yi-Lin Yang, A. Polini, T. Aoki, Minlin Wu, Benjamin Jacob Gilbert, Marilena Bandieramonte, Xuan Yang, M. Corradi, T. Kuhl, Lucas Klein, U. Molinatti, E. M. Villhauer, G. Gaudio, Lydia Audrey Beresford, S. Mondal, Y. Fu, Kunihiro Nagano, Alessandra Ciocio, S. An, M. Elsawy, G. Calderini, Adam Edward Barton, Shuhui Huang, T. Klioutchnikova, C. Jia, N. 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Kaur, G. Brandt, A. Farilla, S. Shimizu, A. G. Borbély, B. R. Roberts, J. Lieber Marin, Л. Н. Смирнова, C. P. Bee, A. S. White, T. Zhao, D. Golubkov, M. J. Fenton, H. Wang, A. H. Melo, A. A. Grillo, Philippe Schune, Vincenzo Canale, T. Ovsiannikova, Susana Patricia Amor dos Santos, T. Lohse, D. A. Ciubotaru, Rui Wang, Leonardo Rossi, Kevin Michael Nelson, Weitao Wang, Badr-Eddine Ngair, Matt Connell, Kim Katrin Heidegger, Carlos Sandoval Usme, Carlos Josue Buxo Vazquez, J. Walder, Qibin Liu, W. J. Murray, Jim Brau, C. D. Sebastiani, P. Bhattarai, A. D’onofrio, J. Moss, E. Shabalina, Ruth Pöttgen, N. Hod, S. Hellesund, E. Carquín, T. J. Stevenson, J. J. Junggeburth, R. Longo, S. Carrá, A. Haas, F. G. Gravili, T. Kharlamova, S. Ozturk, M. Bosman, B. Eckerova, D. Derendarz, I. Siral, M. V. Silva Oliveira, H. Potti, A. Marantis, V. M. M. Cairo, M. Belfkir, P. A. Delsart, N. Makovec, C. M. Delitzsch, G. Carratta, V. Kartvelishvili, J. Jamieson, P. Mogg, S. Rodriguez Bosca, R. Les, J. G. Heinlein, A. Betti, S. Sinha, F. Ellinghaus, C. Vernieri, T. Theveneaux-Pelzer, Emanuele Romano, M. Dam, T. Bołd, Y. Wu, Z. Wu, Sergei Chekanov, V. Lyubushkin, H. Jia, Matt Addison, Benjamin Haslum Hodkinson, Adam Rennie, R. Longo, Kehang Bai, Runze Li, Jiarong Yuan, Baktash Amini, Yuya Osumi, Matthias Peter Drescher, Paul Mickael Chabrillat, Matthew Bruce Smith, Yue Xu, Burkhard Bohm, Chainika Chauhan, Matthew Bruce Smith, Johnny Friend, Agostinho da Silva Gomes, Kyle Scott Jones, William Frederick George, Jiancong Zeng, I. Ninca, Chihao Li, N. Morange, S. Trincaz-Duvoid, Richard Brenner, Josu Cantero Garcia, D. Pietreanu, Jean-Francois Arguin, A. L. Read, B. S. Peralva, Y. Ma, P. Ferrari, Alkaid Cheng, Davide Cieri, Jamie Boyd, Anne-Sophie Berthold, Riley Xu, Tim Barklow, S. Yu. Smirnov, R. de Asmundis, Andrea Catinaccio, P. F. Harrison, Peter Michael Fitzhugh, Huanguo Li, Simon Gabriel Grewe, Jack Harrison, Xuliang Zhu, Z. 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Zhang, Jackson Barr, Kang Liu, Saad Mohiuddin, Lukas Pfaffenbichler, Lukas Bayer, William Rettie, Burhani Taher Saifuddin, Hayden Michael Shaddix, S. Singh, J. J. Teoh, Karri Folan Di Petrillo, You Zhou, Cesar Gonzalez Renteria, Verena Ingrid Martinez Outschoorn, Carmen Diez Pardos, Christopher Deutsch, Shubham Bansal, M. Aliev, Lucia Di Ciaccio, Mariia Didenko, S. Sindhu, Zhichen Wang, Yang Liu, R. Y. González Andana, Mengmeng Wu, P. Martinez Suarez, T. Zhang, Katharina Voss, K. Ghorbanian, Y. Hernández Jiménez, Z. Liang, S. Lu, S. Ye, Y. Wang, S. E. D. Hammoud, Suman Kandel, R. Makhmanazarov, Tommaso Cresta, Samuel Jankovych, N. B. Krengel, Lucas Bezio, M. Contreras Cossio, Y. Huang, Zhijun Liang, J. Kroll, M. Barakat, A. S. Sharma, A. Palazzo, X. Jia, S. Zhang, T. F. Lee, Zhichen Wang, B. Chen, L. Fountas, Y. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Y. Zhang, G. Gagliardi, C. Marcon, P. Bokan, V. Castillo Gimenez, I. N. Potrap, E. Vilucchi, M. Begalli, Y. W. Liu, S. Tarem, C. E. Pandini, M. Kocian, A. J. 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article en

Abstract

Abstract Processes with $$\tau $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>τ</mml:mi> </mml:math> -leptons in the final state are important for Standard Model measurements and searches for physics beyond the Standard Model. The ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider observes $$\tau $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>τ</mml:mi> </mml:math> -leptons produced in proton–proton collisions only through their decay products. Data analyses involving hadronically decaying $$\tau $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>τ</mml:mi> </mml:math> -leptons face challenges due to backgrounds from jets misidentified as $$\tau $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>τ</mml:mi> </mml:math> -leptons that are not modelled reliably by Monte Carlo simulations. Data-driven methods such as the fake-factor method allow such misidentified backgrounds to be predicted by measuring transfer factors, known as fake factors, in data from dedicated regions. This paper describes a refined technique for determining the fake factors, the Universal Fake Factor method. It evaluates the fake factors for a signal region by using fake factors from samples enriched in different sources of jets misidentified as $$\tau $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>τ</mml:mi> </mml:math> -leptons (light-quark, gluon, b -quark, and pile-up jets). Each fake factor is calculated as a linear combination of fake factors measured in these different enriched samples. For the full Run 2 data set, the systematic uncertainty of the calculated fake factors, evaluated using $$W(\mu \nu )$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>W</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>μ</mml:mi> <mml:mi>ν</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> enriched event sample, ranges from 15 to 35% depending on the $$\tau $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>τ</mml:mi> </mml:math> -lepton’s transverse momentum and charged-particle decay multiplicity.

The European Physical Journal CVol. 85(12)
Yeditepe University (TR), Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (BR), Northern Illinois University (US), Tbilisi State University (GE), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble (FR), University of Pisa (IT), University of Geneva (CH), University of Rome Tor Vergata (IT), University of Bern (CH), Roma Tre University (IT), Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ES), Tufts University (US), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (BR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (ES), Uppsala University (SE), University of Copenhagen (DK), Universidade Federal da Bahia (BR), University of Iowa (US), Mohammed V University (MA), University of Science and Technology of China (CN), Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences (AZ), Jagiellonian University (PL), California State University System (US), Argonne National Laboratory (US), Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (GB), University of Udine (IT), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR), The University of Sydney (AU), A. 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Quantum Matter (CN), CEA Paris-Saclay (FR), Université Mohammed VI Polytechnique (MA), Oklahoma State University Oklahoma City (US), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (ES), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules (FR), Laboratoire de Physique des 2 Infinis Irène Joliot-Curie (FR), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Milano (IT), Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María (EC), Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (FR), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati (IT), Centro Nacional de Microelectrónica (ES), National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies (RO), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna (IT), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste (IT), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma I (IT), Institut de Microelectrònica de Barcelona (ES), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa (IT), Ōtani University (JP), University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (CN), Institut de Recherche sur les Lois Fondamentales de l'Univers (FR), Laboratoire des 2 Infinis Toulouse (FR), Institute of Science and Technology, Boğaziçi University (TR), University of Bergen (NO), Czech Technical University in Prague (CZ), University College London (GB), University of Calabria (IT), McGill University (CA), The Ohio State University (US), Weizmann Institute of Science (IL), The University of Adelaide (AU), New York University (US), Sofia University "St. Kliment Ohridski" (BG), Indiana University (US), Stony Brook University (US), Gaziantep University (TR), Nagoya University (JP), Technical University of Munich (DE), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (ES), Kobe University (JP), Carleton University (CA), European Organization for Nuclear Research (CH), Lancaster University (GB), Istanbul University (TR), AGH University of Krakow (PL), Brandeis University (US), Tokyo Metropolitan University (JP), Palacký University Olomouc (CZ), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (FR), Université de Montréal (CA), University of Göttingen (DE), Comenius University Bratislava (SK), The University of Tokyo (JP), University of La Serena (CL), Premier University (BD), University of Coimbra (PT), Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal University (TR), Columbia University (US), Technische Universität Dresden (DE), University of Glasgow (GB), University of Birmingham (GB), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (DE), University of Genoa (IT), Academia Sinica (TW), Sapienza University of Rome (IT), The University of Texas at Austin (US), University of Oklahoma (US), University of the Western Cape (ZA), KTH Royal Institute of Technology (SE), University of the Philippines Diliman (PH), Michigan State University (US), Universidad Nacional de La Plata (AR), Nanjing University (CN), University of Hong Kong (HK), Université Grenoble Alpes (FR), University of Sheffield (GB), Louisiana Tech University (US), University of Bologna (IT), Westmont College (US), Stanford University (US), University of Edinburgh (GB), University of the Aegean (GR), Tsinghua University (CN), University of Hassan II Casablanca (MA), University of Minho (PT)
National Science Foundation, U.S. Department of Energy, Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung, Canarie, Baden-Württemberg Stiftung, TRIUMF, CERN, UK Research and Innovation, Centres de Recerca de Catalunya, Türkiye Enerji, Nükleer ve Maden Araştırma Kurumu, Leverhulme Trust, Royal Society, European Commission, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Agence Nationale de la Recherche, Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung, Danmarks Grundforskningsfond, Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo, National Natural Science Foundation of China, Ministerstvo Školství, Mládeže a Tělovýchovy, Grantová Agentura České Republiky, Austrian Science Fund, Carl Tryggers Stiftelse för Vetenskaplig Forskning, Generalitat de Catalunya, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek, Generalitat Valenciana, Bundesministerium für Wissenschaft, Forschung und Wirtschaft, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse, Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Vetenskapsrådet, Ministerstwo Edukacji i Nauki, Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Norges Forskningsråd, Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique et Technique, Forskningsrådet om Hälsa, Arbetsliv och Välfärd, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Narodowa Agencja Wymiany Akademickiej, Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo, National Science and Technology Council, Ministero dell'Università e della Ricerca, Horizon 2020 Framework Programme, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica, British Columbia Knowledge Development Fund, European Regional Development Fund, Agencia Estatal de Investigación, Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules, European Social Fund, H2020 European Research Council, H2020 Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions, CHIST-ERA
Openalex Percentile: Top 99%
Particle physics theoretical and experimental studies
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