Too much effort, too little reward? Dropout considerations of German elite athletes

Abstract Introduction Dropout, a premature end of a sporting career, is considered a major problem for the elite sports system. This paper examines factors that contribute to elite athletes’ considerations regarding dropout. Drawing on key theorizing from the sociology of work and organizations, we conceptualize dropout as the result of a reflexive process triggered by a perceived mismatch between effort and reward. Methods Empirically, we analyze survey data from N = 418 German elite athletes ( M = 18.4 years; 53% male; 47% female) using multiple regression models. The sampled athletes represent the highest national squad levels of eight Olympic disciplines. Results Findings indicate that the interaction of high time investment (i.e., high effort) with lack of athletic success (i.e., low reward) is crucial for predicting dropout considerations. Furthermore, personal time and role conflicts, injuries and a negative emotional training climate are risk factors for dropout, whereas positive training-related emotions prevent athletes from dropping out. Conclusion Findings support the notion that athletes in periods of high effort and low rewards are vulnerable to considering a premature end to their careers. We argue for personalized support for athletes facing such a gratification crisis.