Magnetic nanoparticles: Biosynthesis, characterization, surface functionalization and biomedical applications

Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have become auspicious nanomaterials (NMs) having diverse biomedical applications. MNPs have become multifaceted tools in the field of biomedicine, revolutionizing diagnostics, therapeutics and regenerative medicine, including drug delivery and hyperthermia therapies. However, the toxicity and biocompatibility of MNPs are critical factors that must be considered when developing new MNPs concerning their suitability for a particular biomedical application. To enhance the biocompatibility of the samples, the method of synthesis adopted is highly indispensable for better properties of the samples. Biosynthesis is a biogenic synthesis method congenial for biomedical applications. This novel review introduces the biosynthesis approach and some characterization techniques in the fabrication of MNPs. Recent advancements in nanomedicine such as drug delivery, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), hyperthermia and environmental remediation approaches have been expounded. Lastly, future directions of the impact of a synthesis protocol for MNPs and their biomedical applications have been summarized.