Nanotechnology advances in treatment of reproductive diseases: From bench to bedside

Nanotechnology is the manipulation of matter at nanoscale, typically involving structures with dimensions between 1 and 100 nm. At this tiny scale, the properties of materials can differ significantly from their bulk counterparts due to quantum mechanical effects and increased surface area. Developing targeted drug delivery systems and novel drug delivery tools is mainly addressed by the field of nanomedicine. Nanomedicine has emerged as a transformative tool in the diagnosis and treatment of reproductive diseases, offering innovative solutions from early detection to advanced therapeutic strategies. Reproductive diseases, such as infertility, endometriosis, ovarian and testicular cancers, and polycystic ovary syndrome, present significant challenges in medical practice due to their complex etiology and treatment limitations. Traditional methods often involve invasive treatments with substantial side effects and limited success rates. By utilizing nanoparticles, nanosensors, and advanced imaging techniques, nanotechnology enhances early disease detection, improves diagnostic precision, and allows for targeted drug delivery, reducing systemic side effects. This review explores cutting-edge nanotechnology applications, such as polymer-based nanoparticles, liposomes, micelles, dendrimers, and gene therapy delivery systems in reproductive health. It also discusses the safety concerns, ethical considerations, and evolving regulatory frameworks that must accompany the integration of nanomedicine in reproductive treatments. The findings highlight nanotechnology’s potential to revolutionize reproductive healthcare, offering personalized and more effective treatment modalities from bench to bedside.