Underground bulbils in <i>Sonerila</i> (Melastomataceae): innovative reproductive strategies in three paleotropical species

This study elucidates the poorly known phenomenon of bulbil formation observed in three species of Sonerila viz., Sonerila tenella , S. ponmudiana and S. nairii. These bulbils represent clusters of 5–20 fleshy scales, developing adventitiously from roots or lower stem nodes, connected by a common stalk or immature stem, and predominantly occurring during early winter when plants are in fruiting or late flowering stages. Initially, these scales are white or vinaceous, but later turn into green, ciliate structures resembling leaves. The bulbils undergo rapid growth into independent plantlets, typically within a few weeks, with clusters up to 10 cm from the parent individual. While commonly associated with vivipary, Sonerila bulbils differ by their developmental origin and lack of connection to reproductive structures. Instead, their occurrence may contribute significantly to short‐distance dispersal and population persistence in fragmented habitats. This study generates hypotheses on the ecological significance of dispersal mechanisms in response to environmental heterogeneity, highlighting the unique adaptive features of Sonerila bulbil formation within the broader context of plant reproductive strategies.