Considerations for Implementing a Patient and Public Engagement Model of Healthcare AI

This commentary builds on the lead article for this volume by proposing additional considerations for implementing a healthcare AI framework centered on patients and citizens. It argues that rather than being mere data providers, patients and citizens must serve as external validators, thereby enhancing transparency and fairness in the development of healthcare AI. The participation of patients and citizens is essential to safeguarding the rights of data providers, ensuring transparent AI usage, and promoting equitable healthcare access. However, current domestic systems, including broad consent mechanisms, limit meaningful involvement. This commentary addresses these limitations by highlighting the need for centralized, provider-focused data governance, clear information dissemination, and ongoing education initiatives. Ultimately, while the participation of patients and citizens is crucial for fostering trust in healthcare AI, that participation must be supported with systematic strategies and long-term investments.