Patient and Public Involvement Model in Healthcare AI Ethics: Based on Scoping Review and Methodological Reflections

To apply healthcare AI ethics in clinical and research settings, self-regulatory frameworks emphasize the necessity of external validation. Building on theoretical discussions that justify patients and the public as key actors in this validation process, this article conducts a scoping review on patient and public involvement (PPI) in healthcare AI and proposes a model for their engagement. A search was conducted in academic databases using the keywords “AI” and “patient and public involvement.” Out of the 114 studies that were identified, 16 were selected for review; the selected studies consisted of four scoping reviews, eight empirical studies, and four theoretical papers. The review confirmed ongoing discussions on PPI in healthcare AI, but highlighted the lack of detailed implementation strategies. This article suggests participatory design, healthcare AI literacy, and citizen science models as potential approaches for engagement, discussing their possibilities and limitations.