Astrophysical properties of static black holes embedded in a Dehnen type dark matter halo with the presence of quintessential field*

Abstract From an astrophysical perspective, the composition of black holes (BHs), dark matter (DM), and dark energy can be an intriguing physical system. In this study, we consider Schwarzschild BHs embedded in a Dehnen-type DM halo with a quintessential field. This study examines the horizons, shadows, deflection angle, and quasinormal modes (QNMs) of the effective BH spacetime and how they are affected by the dark sector. The Schwarzschild BH embodied in a Dehnen-type DM halo with a quintessential field possesses two horizons: the event and cosmological horizons. We demonstrate that all dark sector parameters increase the event horizon while decreasing the cosmological horizon. We analyze the BH shadow and emphasize the impact of DM and quintessence parameters on the shadow. We show that the dark sector casts larger shadows than a Schwarzschild BH in a vacuum. Further, we delve into the weak gravitational lensing deflection angle using the Gauss-Bonnet theorem (GBT). We then investigate the system's QNMs using the 6th order WKB approach. To visually demonstrate the dark sector parameters, we present figures that illustrate the impact of varying the parameters of the Dehnen-type DM halo as well as the quintessence background. Our findings show that the gravitational waves emitted by BHs with a dark sector have a lower frequency and decay rate compared to those emitted by BHs in a vacuum.