Examining Activity, Courtship, and Social Behaviour in Zoo-Housed Wreathed Hornbills: Potential Insights into Pair Compatibility

Tropical forest hornbills display complex social and reproductive behaviours that make them hard to reliably and frequently breed in ex situ facilities. This study investigated potential behavioural indicators of pair compatibility for two wreathed hornbills (Rhyticeros undulatus) at ARTIS Amsterdam Royal Zoo. We focused on behaviours linked to reproductive investment, such as time spent in proximity, vocalisation, and courtship display. Through systematic observations using ZooMonitor, we recorded behavioural and enclosure use data, as well as visitor presence. Key findings revealed that the male hornbill was more active and exploratory than the female. Courtship behaviours were more frequently performed by the male bird and were positively associated with perching at elevated positions. However, this behaviour decreased when the birds were in close proximity or inactive. Visitor presence influenced enclosure use, with the hornbills preferring higher perches during peak visitor times. We conclude that behaviours such as proximity, vocalisations, and courtship displays could potentially serve as indicators of compatibility in hornbill pairs but more data across more birds are needed for validation. Finally, we advocate for enclosure designs that consider hornbills’ natural behaviours and social needs to help ex situ facilities promote an environment conducive to pair bonding.