Systematic Pelvic and Paraaortic Lymph Node Dissection in Advanced Ovarian Cancer—Technical Aspects and Current Evidence-Based Data for Clinical Decision-Making

Cytoreductive surgery in the context of a multidisciplinary approach, including adjuvant and neoadjuvant therapy (when indicated), aims ideally to obtain complete resection and represents the cornerstone for long-term survival in patients with advanced ovarian cancer (AOC). Positive lymph nodes are a relatively frequent appearance during cytoreductive surgery for AOC and a widely accepted negative prognostic factor for long-term survival. However, the impact of systematic pelvic and paraaortic lymph node dissection (SPALND) on early and long-term outcomes in patients with cytoreductive surgery for AOC and no suspected positive lymph nodes remains highly controversial. The paper aims to review the relevant scientific literature exploring the role of SPALND in patients with AOC, focusing on peer-reviewed papers published before and after the LION study’s data release. The LION trial represents the only level 1 evidence study providing no scientific arguments for the routine using SPALND in AOC as part of complete cytoreductive surgery in patients without clinical suspicion of positive lymph nodes. The LION trial changed the practice of surgeons regarding SPALND, and current essential guidelines do not recommend it as a routine. Furthermore, SPALND may increase morbidity rates of cytoreductive surgery for AOC and negatively impact the patient’s quality of life. A comprehensive pelvic and paraaortic lymph node assessment is mandatory before and during cytoreductive surgery for AOC for proper disease staging, adequate management, and long-term prognosis. Further research is needed to identify patients with AOC at high risk for lymph node metastases; this group might benefit from SPALND.