Towards the Optimization of TanSat-2: Assessment of a Large-Swath Methane Measurement

To evaluate the potential of an upcoming large-swath satellite for estimating surface methane (CH₄) fluxes at a weekly scale, we report the results from a series of observing system simulation experiments (OSSEs) that use an established modeling framework that includes the GEOS-Chem 3D atmospheric transport model and an ensemble Kalman filter. These experiments focus on the sensitivity of CH₄ flux estimates to systematic errors (μ) and random errors (σ) in the column average methane (XCH4) measurements. Our control test (INV_CTL) demonstrates that with median errors (μ = 1.0 ± 0.9 ppb and σ = 6.9 ± 1.6 ppb) in XCH₄ measurements over a 1000 km swath, global CH4 fluxes can be estimated with an accuracy of 5.1 ± 1.7%, with regional accuracies ranging from 3.8% to 21.6% across TransCom sub-continental regions. The northern hemisphere mid-latitudes show greater reliability and consistency across varying μ and σ levels, while tropical and boreal regions exhibit higher sensitivity due to limited high-quality observations. In σ-sensitive regions, such as the North American boreal zone, expanding the swath width from 1000 km to 3000 km significantly reduces discrepancies, while such adjustments provide limited improvements for μ-sensitive regions like North Africa. For TanSat-2 mission, with its elliptical medium Earth orbit and 1500 km swath width, the global total estimates achieved an accuracy of 3.1 ± 2.2%. Enhancing the swath width or implementing a dual-satellite configuration is proposed to further improve TanSat-2 inversion performance.