Bladder exstrophy in children: evolution of diagnosis and modern trends in surgical treatment

Bladder exstrophy is a severe multisystem congenital anomaly, and its surgical treatment remains a challenging task even for the most experienced surgeons. This article presents contemporary data on the epidemiology, anatomical aspects, and variations of bladder exstrophy, as well as modern surgical treatment strategies. The advantages and disadvantages of various surgical approaches are outlined. Advances in pediatric urology, including prenatal diagnosis, the implementation of numerous surgical techniques, and the use of osteotomy with pelvic and lower limb immobilization, have contributed to improving the quality of life for children with this condition.