Univer Metric to Measure the Degree of Universal Verifiability in E-Voting

Election officials can use the Universal Verifiability verification model to compare the election results with the actual ballots that were used. Univer Metrics have been developed in this study to gauge the e-voting system's level of Universal Verifiability. The degree of Universal Verifiability in three voting protocols—Cortier, the Modified Threballot, and the Traditional Voting Protocol in Indonesia—is measured by the e-voting protocol that includes Universal verification. For the Modified Threballot Protocol, this implementation yields the highest Universal verifiability score of 1, meaning that the intended level of universal verifiability has been attained.