Fully Pipelined Number Theoretic Transform and Reordering Solution for CRYSTALS-Dilithium

This study presents a fully pipelined hardware architecture for the Number Theoretic Transform (NTT) and its inverse (INTT) in the CRYSTALS-Dilithium Post-Quantum Cryptography(PQC) signature algorithm, ensuring an uninterrupted processing flow. Compared to other implementations, experimental results indicate that our design achieves approximately twice the speed of the current fastest solution under conditions with 4 inputs on FPGA platforms. Additionally, the proposed architecture demonstrates superior performance when calculating the Area-Time Product (ATP).