CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE: IMPACTS ON MENTAL STATE, QUALITY OF LIFE AND CARDIOVASCULAR OUTCOMES

This review delves into the intricate relationship between chronic kidney disease (CKD), cardiorenal syndrome (CRS), and chronic heart failure (CHF), focusing on their collective impact on patients’ mental health and quality of life. CKD is associated with a significantly elevated risk of cardiovascular diseases, with the prevalence being 64% higher in individuals with impaired renal function compared to those with normal kidney function. An inverse correlation has been documented between a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) below 60 ml/min/1.73 m² and an increased risk of mortality, cardiovascular complications, and hospitalizations. The progression of CKD amplifies cardiovascular risks, with stage 2 patients experiencing a 4.8% incidence of complications, nearly doubling by stages 3-4. Dialysis and kidney transplant recipients exhibit a tenfold higher likelihood of adverse cardiovascular events compared to the general population. Beyond physical complications, CKD imposes a substantial psychological toll, manifesting as depression, anxiety, and social withdrawal, which critically diminish quality of life. This review highlights the importance of comprehensive management strategies, including early intervention, cardiovascular risk mitigation, and psychosocial support, to improve outcomes for CKD patients.