Spatially explicit land use of manufacturing sectors and its biodiversity impacts in China

Land use is a critical driver of global biodiversity loss, with the manufacturing sector playing a significant yet underexplored role. This study develops a sector-specific, spatially explicit land use inventory for China's manufacturing industry in 2022, leveraging Point of Interest (POI) data, road networks, and machine learning techniques. The results reveal that manufacturing activities occupy 20,392.08 km² of urban impervious surfaces, with the largest land occupiers being sectors such as chemical manufacturing (2,220.96 km²), followed by non-metallic mineral products (2,205.36 km²), and rubber production (1,920.71 km²). The total biodiversity loss from manufacturing land use amounts to 0.40 regional Potential Disappeared Fraction (PDF), with reptiles experiencing the highest loss at 0.10 PDF. Notable regional disparities are observed, with Jiangsu Province exhibiting the highest manufacturing-related biodiversity loss at 0.138 PDF, while Macau has the lowest at 1.02281 × 10⁻⁵ PDF. The Sectoral Land Use Eco-Efficiency (SLUEE) metric reveals a wide variation in economic output per biodiversity impact, with sector 42 (Comprehensive Use of Waste Resources) achieving the highest SLUEE at 87,527.28 trillion yuan/PDF. These findings offer critical insights for balancing industrial development and biodiversity conservation.