Investigation of the oxidation rules and oxidative stability of seabuckthorn fruit oil during storage based on lipidomics and metabolomics

Seabuckthorn fruit oil (SBFO) is recognized for its high nutritional value, yet it remains highly prone to oxidation during storage. The changes in its primary components and micronutrient molecules during storage have not been thoroughly investigated. This study employed untargeted lipidomics and metabolomics to dynamically monitor alterations in lipid composition and metabolites of SBFO over 30 days of accelerated storage. Lipidomics analysis revealed an increase in TGs and oxidized fatty acids, while sphingolipids, glycerophospholipids, and total lipid content showed significant reductions (p < 0.05). After 30 days, metabolomics combined with bioinformatics analysis identified 13 critical pathways, with linoleic acid metabolism consistently associated with SBFO oxidation. Key oxidation products included 9(S)-HpODE, 9,10,13-TriHOME, and 9,10-DHOME. This study provides potential targets for developing endogenous antioxidants in SBFO and offers new perspectives on the oxidation mechanisms of edible oils.