Optimized hydrothermal transformation of WO₃ nanorods into WS₂ based catalysts: enhanced hydrogen evolution performance and synergistic effects with CNT

Abstract Tungsten disulfide (WS 2 ) has emerged as a cost-effective electrocatalyst for hydrogen generation. This study systematically evaluates the electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) activity of WS 2 nanoflakes synthesized under varying hydrothermal conditions. Furthermore, WS 2 /multiwall carbon nanotubes (CNT) hybrid structures were synthesized via a facile hydrothermal synthesis approach. The incorporation of CNT into the WS 2 matrix significantly enhances charge transfer by providing a conductive pathway, thereby improving HER kinetics. The reduced charge transfer resistance observed in the WS 2 /CNT hybrid structure facilitates charge transfer at electrode/electrolyte interface, accelerating the HER process. These findings underscore the potential of WS 2 /CNT hybrid structures as efficient and cost-effective electrocatalysts for advancing hydrogen generation technologies.