Exploration of the anti-inflammatory potential of Polygonum bistorta L.: protection against LPS-induced acute lung injury in rats via NF-ĸβ pathway inhibition

Traditional medicine uses the roots and rhizomes of <i>Polygonum bistorta</i> L. (Polygonaceae) to treat cough, bronchitis, and other respiratory infections. Our goal was to gain insights into the lung protective effects of the roots of <i>P. bistorta</i> L. against lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in rats, along with the possible mechanism(s). The outcomes revealed deliberate quantities of the total phenolic and flavonoid contents of 156.2 ± 5.13 GAE/g and 179.45 ± 2.08 mg QE/g, respectively. Crude extract possesses a maximum inhibitory potential of 81.77% ± 0.62% for acetylcholinesterase against eserine. Acute oral toxicity study revealed LD₅₀ beyond 7 g/kg. Plant extract markedly restored LPS-induced hypoxemia, pulmonary edema, histopathological alterations, and leukocyte infiltration in the lung. ELISA testing on BALF found that the plant extract efficiently reinstated superoxide dismutase, total anti-oxidant capacity, malondialdehyde, and total oxidative stress. qRT-PCR indicated a decline in the endotoxin-induced overproduction of pro-inflammatory markers, oxidative stress, transcription factor, and downregulated antioxidant potential in extract-treated groups. Furthermore, 24 metabolites were identified and quantified via GC-MS. A molecular docking procedure was implemented on the bioactive metabolites that were identified to evaluate their potential for inhibiting AChE. In conclusion, <i>P. bistorta</i> roots mitigate inflammation and oxidative stress by improving redox signaling and NF-ĸβ (p65) pathways and can thus play a role in strategies for overcoming therapeutic challenges.