The Evolution of the Dhamma Wheel: From the Pre-Siamese Era to the Kingdom of Siam

ABSTRACT This article examines the evolution of the Dhamma Wheel, or Dharmacakra, from the Pre-Siamese Era to the Kingdom of Siam, focusing on its archaeological, cultural, and philosophical significance. Through multidisciplinary methodologies, the study explores the transformation of Dharmacakra and its pivotal role in shaping Siamese identity and heritage. Key archaeological evidence, such as Dharmacakra artifacts discovered at significant sites like Nakhon Pathom and U Thong, highlights its prominence during the Dvāravatī period, with these artifacts showcasing intricate craftsmanship and Pallava script that reflect the spiritual devotion and artistic achievements of early Siamese civilization. Furthermore, in the Kingdom of Siam, the Dharmacakra emerged as a central symbol of Buddhist identity, profoundly influencing cultural expressions and reinforcing the philosophical underpinnings of Siamese society. Its integration into temple architecture, inscriptions, and artistic motifs demonstrates its role in preserving and transmitting Buddhist teachings while fostering a shared cultural heritage. These findings collectively illuminate the Dharmacakra's historical, cultural, and spiritual importance, offering a comprehensive understanding of its enduring influence on Siamese civilization and its contribution to the broader Buddhist tradition.