Genetic diversity and DNA barcoding of Coccinella septempunctata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) from central China

The seven-spot ladybird Coccinella septempunctata Linnaeus, 1758 is an important biological control agent. Understanding its genetic diversity is vital for biodiversity conservation and effective pest management. We analyzed the DNA barcoding (mitochondrial cox1 gene) sequences from 71 individuals across five provinces in central China, collected between 2020 and 2023, and identified 19 distinct haplotypes, highlighting significant genetic diversity. The highest diversity was observed in Gansu province, while a series of specimens from Sichuan province displayed the lowest diversity. Phylogenetic analysis and haplotype networks did not reveal strong geographic clustering, suggesting frequent gene flow among populations. Shared haplotypes across regions further support this conclusion. These results provide new DNA barcoding resources for the molecular identification of C. septempunctata and highlight the necessity of preserving genetically diverse populations to maintain biodiversity.