Balancing sustainability and circular justice: The challenge of the energy transition

The shift to renewable energy is no longer an option but a critical need for addressing climate change. Nevertheless, it frequently culminates in exacerbating existing socioeconomic disparities, disproportionately affecting already vulnerable communities. This study examines the intersection of the circular economy (CE), the energy transition, and justice concerns through a literature review of 169 publications. By employing a comprehensive approach to analyse the environmental and social implications of renewable energy generation, distribution, and waste treatment, it advocates for circular justice as a framework to mitigate the disparities that arise from such a shift. The findings emphasise the necessity of an inclusive strategy that incorporates distributive, procedural, and recognitional justice into circular energy practices. Additionally, the study highlights the importance of developing evaluation tools that balance sustainability with social equity, thereby promoting a decarbonised future that is equitable for all, globally inclusive, and resilient. Policymakers and industry leaders should advocate for social frameworks that guarantee equitable participation and outcomes, moving beyond an exclusive focus on resource efficiency. Looking ahead, future research should concentrate on advancing technologies that support sustainable, inclusive energy transitions on a global scale. Aligning technological innovation with justice is essential to ensure that the transition to a carbon-free future benefits all, particularly those who have been historically marginalised.