Changes in the Shoot Systems of Angiosperms as a Way of Their Adaptation in Individual and Historical Development

Based on the differences in morphogenesis and ontomorphogenesis of plants and animals, changes in the development of shoot systems of flowering plants were considered and evaluated. The emergence of different shoots and shoot systems based on totipotent meristem cells in plants of different biomorphs is shown to be a reflection of modern conditions. Using the example of coastal aquatic and aquatic grasses, the role of features of development of shoot systems in the formation of pre-adaptations and changes in life forms as a response to the effects of factors in which they may have arisen in the course of historical development, is shown. Changes in the habitus of flowering plants in individual and historical development are evaluated from the standpoint of the basic laws of dialectics: unity and struggle of opposites and negation.