Impact of formula protein quantity and source on infant metabolism: serum, urine, and fecal metabolomes of a randomized controlled study
Comprehensive metabolomics profiling of serum, urine, and feces captures molecular-level changes and informs potential strategies for formula optimization. Both the quantity and source of protein significantly influenced the metabolic profiles of formula-fed infants. However, modifications in protein alone cannot fully resolve the metabolic differences between formula-fed and breastfed infants, highlighting the complexity of mimicking the human milk feeding-associated metabolic profile. This study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02410057.
Authors
- Merete Lindberg Hartvigsen
- Pia Karlsland Åkeson (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2010-3130)
- Carolyn M. Slupsky (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5100-1594)
- Anne Staudt Kvistgaard
- Ulrika Tinghäll Nilsson
- Olle Hernell (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8841-6200)
- Darya O. Mishchuk
- Bo Lönnerdal (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3459-2484)
- Xuan He (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5895-5139)
- Lotte Neergaard Jacobsen
Institutions
- Malmö University (SE)
- University of California System (US)
- Arla Foods (Denmark) (DK)
- University of California, Davis (US)
- Umeå University (SE)
Publication Details
- Journal
- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Published
- 2025-02-05
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajcnut.2025.02.002
- Citations
- 1
- Primary Topic
- Infant Nutrition and Health
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 1.12
Funders
- U.S. Department of Agriculture
- Arla Foods Ingredients Group
- National Institute of Food and Agriculture